Comparing “All Quiet on the Western Front” and “Band of Brothers”

All Quiet on the Western Front's basic role is to delineate the revulsions and real factors of war and responses of warriors towards it. Remarque describes WWI from the point of view of the crushed, Germany, soon after the war was done. It makes no endeavor to glamorize war, rather portraying the life of â€Å"a age pulverized by war. † Remarque utilizes this book as a voice of the fallen. All Quiet on the Western Front covertly condemns the German government and military for convincing youngsters to do battle. Therefore, the book was scorched and restricted in Germany. The book likewise shows how war has physical and mental impacts on men. Band of Brothers is a TV arrangement that follows the â€Å"Easy Company†. Simple organization is a piece of the United States Army. The arrangement is set in WWII in Europe. WWII is over 50 years before the arrangement in made. It is critical to take note of, that this film shows bravery of these men. This is fundamentally in light of the fact that the executive needs to connect with the crowd of America. Americans accept that they are victors and for this arrangement to be engaging this should be appeared. Anyway the abhorrences of war are as yet settled just as the troopers responses. The chief of this arrangement changes the officers responses anyway towards the end. Mateship and bravery in these dull occasions are appeared to significantly differentiate All Quiet on the Western Front's topics. Band of Brothers shows an assortment of fight scenes that uncover various responses of officers. In â€Å"Day of Days†, the assault against the mounted guns weapon toward the finish of the scene is made by troopers who are new to the experience of war. The assault, albeit befuddling to the Audience now and again, is composed and arranges are given and followed with clearness. Truly this assault is as yet utilized by WestPoint for instance of fine military activity. The chief utilized some unstable cameras to represent the shell shoot and the troopers developments. There are some incompletely clouded POVs shots encourages the crowd to detect authenticity of the occasion. Anyway for the most part the camera shots are midshot and longshot. This gives the crowd a general feeling of request to the grouping. The crowd is all around orientated. Given that this assault is viewed as an American Military Achievement, it is impossible that the chief would utilize cinematography to reflect disorder of such occasion. Rather than the unexpected assault in the scene â€Å"Last Patrol† shows various responses from the fighters. In this, the officers have been occupied with the fighting for certain months. Despite the fact that fight solidified, they are disappointed with war. The scene stresses how the officers are willing for the war to be finished. They are angry of being approached to cross the stream and to take German POWs and realize the dangers well. While attacking the structure, after Jackson ran into the blast of his own explosive, there is a change in true to life procedures. During this arrangement a swinging camera combined with different shots is utilized. This stresses the disorder as the view plays the job of one of the warriors in the room continually moving the sightline. It additionally close ups to the warriors' faces accentuating their feeling. The sounds are riotous and noisy. This disorientates the watcher. THe executive has utilized these methods to show how dangerous the circumstance is. The executive in this scene shows this perspective as he has more opportunity. He no longer needs to create the possibility of the â€Å"American saint. † After intersection the waterway, they go into the cellar. Here it is additionally disordered. The officers are confounded and are not in charge as they assemble around Eugene who is kicking the bucket. After his passing there is a stop in the gunfire, stressing the stun. Eugene, the surgeon has a voice over giving an individual view on the passing. â€Å"He selected young† causes the watcher to feel thoughtful for the trooper. In All Quiet on the Western Front, there are numerous instances of the responses of warriors. In fight, warriors act brutally so as to endure. They â€Å"have transformed into risky creatures. † This shows they utilize intuition to execute with no genuine waverings. They have to do this to endure.

Blue Ocean Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blue Ocean Strategy - Research Paper Example To break out of red seas, the blue sea methodology hypothesizes that organizations must break out of the acknowledged limits that characterize how they contend. These efficient limits are recognized by the six ways system as: industry, vital gatherings, purchaser gatherings, extent of item or administration contributions, utilitarian passionate direction of an industry, and time (â€Å"Blue Ocean Strategy,† 2011). The principal way that we see Wii used to make a blue sea was the purchaser gatherings. Microsoft’s Xbox 360 and Sony PS3 depend on clients as their essential core interest. Hence their techniques are equipped towards expanding their clients experience through consistent advancement and sending of new innovations, for example, HD, designs, etc. Unexpectedly, Wii selected to target buyers and influencers for example guardians and doctors through advancement of items that everybody in the family can appreciate. This has improved the probability of state, guardians, buying Wii games rather than PS3 or Xbox 360 for their kids. The second way that the Wii used to make a blue sea for itself is the item scope. While the two significant gaming contenders adhered to the conviction that gaming was a safeguard for a specific age gathering, the Wii extended its market by creating items that could cut over all age bunches from pre-adolescents to senior residents. The Wii Healthy class of games includes items that grandparents and grandkids could without much of a stretch play with together.

Decision fatigue

Decision fatigue Last Saturday night, I was in my kitchen, looking down at two Pyrex containers on my counter. On the left was slow-cooked chicken thighs; on the right was grilled chicken tenderloins. My goal was to decide which I would have for dinner. I looked to the left, and the right, and back again, unable to pick, unable to think about picking,  for about ten minutes, before my phone rang and jerked me out of my stupor. A friend was in the area and asked if I wanted to get dinner. Rejoicing that once again capitalism would treat the symptoms without curing the underlying disease, I said that why yes, that would be great. So my friend asked the natural followup question about where or what I would like to eat, brightly rattling off several local options. I paused for a beat, then a few more. Uhh A solid minute of silence, broken only by more interjections of my own indeterminacy, passed by before my friend tentatively asked hey are you okay? Thats when I knew that decision fatigue had set in early this year. Decision fatigue  is a term from the behavioral psychology literature. It refers to the observed phenomenon that making decisions depletes your ability to make future decisions, either as well or, as in my case last Saturday night, at all.   It is not something I had ever experienced before I began my career as an admissions officer, but Ive come to recognize it as something of an occupational hazard, like being bleary-eyed, or having a crick in your neck01 Ive been seeing the same massage therapist for five years. Its gotten to the point where she can tell when, and how long, Ive been in committee by feeling which muscles are tight, and how tight they are. I am not making this up. from looking at an  external monitor  all day. I begin each reading season knowing that, from the moment I begin reading applications or serving in committee, my ability to make lots of decisions quickly and well is going to decrease. Theres no way to prevent it, only ways to manage it better. Its hard to manage decision fatigue for a few reasons. The first, and most obvious, is that its our  job  to make lots of decisions quickly and well; it is our job, in other words, to become cognitively exhausted, in the way that when I was a landscaper in high school it was my job to become physically exhausted. There are things we can do to mitigate cognitive exhaustion: Ive blogged before about how I structure my reading  into a block schedule, with intense periods of focused reading broken up by intervals of noncognitive activities like cooking, cleaning, or exercising, and we take mandatory breaks during committee, buy low-glycemic index snacks to avoid spikes and crashes, and try to structure our non-admissions related work (like redesigning a website, for example) outside of reading season to reserve our cognitive capacity for what really matters. But at a certain point, its our job to make decisions, and thus to become fatigued by them, and we cant avoid it entirely. The second is that decision fatigue doesnt observe work/life boundaries: making decisions at work reduces your ability to make them at home,02 In fact, if these conditions persist, they can be profound and life-altering: in 2013, emScience/em published an a href=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6149/976article/a that found the extra marginal decisions that came with being poor, like needing to bargain-shop for commodities, cumulatively exhausted cognitive capacities, and disabled good judgment, equivalent to about a full night’s sleep, or 13 IQ points. and vice versa.  Most admissions officers dread reading season weight gain, which comes not so much from being more sedentary but from decreasing ability to observe a healthy diet and say no to a bag of chips (or four). Meanwhile, life decisions feed back into work: a friend of mine has been sick, and Ive been helping make a lot of medical decisions, and Im sure thats reduced my capacity to make as many admissions decisions at the same time. This is one reason why I food prep and wear the same rotation of flannels and sweaters this time of year: to routinize my life as much as possible, a longstanding practice helpfully validated in an  interview by President Obama, someone who had many more important decisions to make than me: “You’ll see I wear only gray or blue suits,” he said. “I’m trying to pare down decisions. I don’t want to make decisions about what I’m eating or wearing. Because I have too many other decisions to make.” He mentioned research that shows the simple act of making decisions degrades one’s ability to make further decisions. It’s why shopping is so exhausting. “You need to focus your decision-making energy. You need to routinize yourself. You can’t be going through the day distracted by trivia.” A third reason its hard to manage decision fatigue is because its initially hard to detect, because, in a corollary of the Dunning-Kruger effect, the same forces that exhaust your cognitive functions also exhaust the  metacognitive  functions that allow you to assess how exhausted you are. I knew that I was cognitively fatigued, but I didnt realize the degree until that conversation on Saturday night. In my post on MIT and/as Marathon, I wrote: When I was a grad student, I didn’t make time for sleep or exercise, or to eat right, and my brain suffered for it, because Descartes was wrong about dualism, and we must take care of our whole selves for any part of ourselves to improve. It is possible to overtrain your brain as much as you can overtrain your body. I’ve done both. Sometimes, knowing your limits is the only way you can expand them, like gently stretching a tight muscle rather than quickly snapping it. The thing is, its usually easier to tell when your body is injured or exhausted, because it  hurts  and it cant do things it usually can. When I went to the gym this morning and couldnt finish my warmups because I was so physically tired from the last week, that was a sign that I shouldnt do any more deadlifts, because my body was too tired to do them safely or well. After some difficulty with overtraining, Ive learned to become better at listening to my body; Im trying to become better about listening to my brain when it, too, hurts or cant do things it usually can. Normally, I try to reset on Sundays. My grandfather, an evangelical minister, likes to quote an old Baptist book of wisdom that the best rest is not idleness as such but rather a change of activity. Indeed, the book of Exodus prescribes crop rotations to reset the health of the land; the book of Leviticus prescribes debt jubilees to reset the health of a nations finances. For me, a reset usual means yoga, food prep, laundry, ironing, and maybe some reading or a video game.03 I used to watch football, but theres a bunch of reasons I try to avoid it now, so instead I have been on a big emGod of War/em kick. But then negotiating all the runic puzzles required too much choice, so I set it aside until I could get to a point of mindlessly murdering ogres again. But because of all this other stuff, Ive been unable to observe my own change of activity, and I can feel that cognitive debt accumulating. My hope is that a few days at home for the holidays will pay down the interest and float me through EA Decisions Day in mid-December. Id originally intended to catch up on a backlog of work over the next few days, but I dont think thatd be listening to my brain like Im trying to do, or doing whats best for me (and our applicants) moving forward. This time of year, I need to be careful where I spend my spoons. The backlog can wait. Thats why its a backlog. Ill try to eat a lot of turkey, read some  Earthsea, and make as few decisions as possible until Monday morning. I realize, belatedly,04 Perhaps because Im cognitively fatigued as I write this? ?_(?)_/? that one unintended effect of this post might make applicants concerned about decision fatigue with respect to their own individual application05 Now, one piece of practical advice I can give you with all of this context: this is why you shouldnt make your applications any harder to read, interpret, or evaluate than absolutely necessary. Everything in your file, from the way you use line breaks in essays to the fonts on supplemental materials, is going to make your application more or less marginally exhausting to read. One pragmatic reason why your college application is (probably) not the place to get too experimental, or to be internally inconsistent or erratic, at least for highly selective schools, is that each marginal interpretation adds to the cognitive load of understanding and evaluating a case, which in term makes it more likely that some aspect of your application will be misunderstood. I have known amazing students who were emterrible /emat filling out their applications (emlooks meaningfully at Nisha/em) because it was so erratic and chaotic it took extra effort to understand how awesome they actually were. Part of being your own best self-advocate is making your application emreadable/em above all else. to MIT. But I dont think you should be alarmed for a couple of reasons. First: some version of this is going to be true for basically  any  college you apply to, or frankly any sufficiently any competitive selection process at any point in your life. This is something I have learned to accept in my own life of applying for grad school and jobs, and it has liberated me from the debilitating perfectionism and anxiety often associated with applying to things.  Judge Hercules is a fiction; admissions realism is descriptively correct. Humans, with all of their strengths and weaknesses, are reading and interpreting your applications. If that is surprising to youthen I guess the blogs have failed you. Second:  any good institution solves for inevitable individual shortcomings with better process. I described above some of the ways that we take care of ourselves during this time of year, but we also have processes to try to correct for ambiguities and inconsistencies, e.g.  by having lots of  rounds  of reading and committee, with lots of different eyes looking at them at different times, and lots of different methods of framing applications that are deployed at different stages, so that the  cumulative  cognition allocated to each application is sufficient to give us confidence in our assessments. This process is  itself  exhausting, but its exhausting in a way that gets us over the finish line. Its also why, when people ask me to describe our process, I often do so as incredibly inefficient in a way that reliably produces good decisions. Not  despite,  but  because of. This is also a request, I guess, to please be kind to the admissions officers in your life this time of year. If we arent responding to your emails as quickly as you might hope, or if were in a daze at Thanksgiving dinner and cant figure out which sides to put where, just know its probably because we are reserving our cognitive capacity for where it counts most: making good decisions on your applications, as best as we can, until theyre all made. I dont have a good way to end this post, so here is a picture of me spinning something thats extremely on fire;06 Now that I think of it, spinning things that are on fire and trying to keep in them moving in the right direction while not being burned isnt a bad visual metaphor for my subjective experience of reading season. Ill leave it up to decide if this is a good or bad decision so I dont have to. pc Nastia at EC Day I've been seeing the same massage therapist for five years. It's gotten to the point where she can tell when, and how long, I've been in committee by feeling which muscles are tight, and how tight they are. I am not making this up. back to text ? In fact, if these conditions persist, they can be profound and life-altering: in 2013, Science published an article  that found the extra marginal decisions that came with being poor, like needing to bargain-shop for commodities, cumulatively exhausted cognitive capacities, and disabled good judgment, equivalent to about a full night’s sleep, or 13 IQ points. back to text ? I used to watch football, but there's a bunch of reasons I try to avoid it now, so instead I have been on a big God of War kick. But then negotiating all the runic puzzles required too much choice, so I set it aside until I could get to a point of mindlessly murdering ogres again. back to text ? Perhaps because I'm cognitively fatigued as I write this? ?\_(?)_/? back to text ? Now, one piece of practical advice I can give you with all of this context: this is why you shouldn't make your applications any harder to read, interpret, or evaluate than absolutely necessary. Everything in your file, from the way you use line breaks in essays to the fonts on supplemental materials, is going to make your application more or less marginally exhausting to read. One pragmatic reason why your college application is (probably) not the place to get too experimental, or to be internally inconsistent or erratic, at least for highly selective schools, is that each marginal interpretation adds to the cognitive load of understanding and evaluating a case, which in term makes it more likely that some aspect of your application will be misunderstood. I have known amazing students who were terrible  at filling out their applications (looks meaningfully at Nisha) because it was so erratic and chaotic it took extra effort to understand how awesome they actually were. Part of being your own best self-advocate is making your application  readable above all else. back to text ? Now that I think of it, spinning things that are on fire and trying to keep in them moving in the right direction while not being burned isn't a bad visual metaphor for my subjective experience of reading season. back to text ?

Analyse and Compare the Significance and Effectiveness of...

It is a common view that the opening and ending of a novel is considered the most memorable and pertinent. Therefore, both authors, Ishiguro and Atwood, utilise openings and endings in their novels significantly. The opening of a novel plays a major part in establishing the tone of what is to come, with the ending leaving a lasting, final impression on the reader. The security of the first person narration in Never Let Me Go encourages the reader to engage with Kathy H in order to destroy our relationship at the end. This disillusionment serves to anger the reader and fuel our sense of disappointment. Never Let Me Go ends in uncertainty as Kathy drives away still looking for Hailsham yet for the reader there is no uncertainty; we know†¦show more content†¦Therefore the story of Offred is also questioned in the ending, the Historical Notes. In the beginning we are immediately plunged into a rather fragmented narrative, and a seemingly nightmarish world (in this case the dyst opian setting is Gilead) where we know very little about what is going on or what is going to happen to Offred, the main character, sleeping in a gym guarded by ‘aunts’. The state of shock and bewilderment created leads to the rest of the opening being read in a state of suspense. The setting of a disused university gymnasium helps to achieve a sense of tension as it subtly reminds the reader of the ideas of nuclear fallout: Offred had ‘slept in what had once been the gymnasium’. Gymnasiums often feature in journalism as emergency centres; this location immediately suggests to the reader that something is wrong. The reader is confused as the narrative starts seemingly with a crisis though what that causes is not stated. The first chapter is in past tense and is used to establish her situation and explore how the gymnasium represents the past, with Offred wistfully longing for days of a bygone era. This is reinforced by the narrator reminiscing about high school dances that would have been held in the gym, ‘girls felt skirted†¦later in mini skirts’. It can be argued therefore, that the introduction of the novel serves as a means to persuade the reader to read on; missing vital information and an unfamiliar use of the setting achieveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesBookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. 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Cabrini College Admissions SAT Scores, Tuition...

Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster Free Essays

Alcohol consumption in sexually frustrated fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster Ankit Sharma April 8, 2013 BIO 534 Introduction The fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster show addiction-like behavior towards alcohol where the flies seem to be physiologically dependent on (Atkinson et. al. , 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now The flies can thus exhibit a cognitive dependence where such behavior is stored in memory and same behavior is also shown in the future. This addiction is linked to NPY neuropeptide levels which can be found in Drosophila where these neuropeptides serve as feeding stimulants (Shen et. al. , 2005). Alcohol consumption rate is higher when these NPY neuropeptide levels are suppressed (Wilcox, 2012). Thus, such factors are linked to the idea that fruit flies consume food that contains alcohol more than regular food, and such behavior increases over time (Devineni and Heberlein, 2009). Sexual frustration is also linked to increase in consumption of alcohol. Fruit flies consumed less alcohol when they were sexually satisfied because sex raised NPF levels and the flies consumed more alcohol when they were sexually frustrated because their NPF levels were suppressed (Azanchi et. l. , 2012). The purpose of the experiment is to determine if sexually frustrated male fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster resort to alcohol after being rejected by females. Thus, the experiment will determine if the number of sexually frustrated fruit flies will be higher where there is alcohol in the environment than non-sexually frustrated fruit flies. The hypothesis to be tested is null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that sexual frustration has no effect on alcohol consumption by male fruit flies. Thus, there will not be a significantly higher number of rejected male fruit flies in an alcohol environment than non-sexually frustrated flies. Materials and Methods Two plastic cylindrical vials were used to place wingless wild type fruit flies. The vials contained same amount of medium for food. Both vials contained regular medium for food. The fruit flies were anesthesized and 40 males and 40 females were separated. 20 males were placed in a vial with 20 females that were decapitated by a razor blade. 20 separate males were placed in a different vial with 20 females. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 days. Two more vials were made, both containing 21% alcohol on one half side of the medium which was the closest percentage available compared to 15% ethanol used in other experiments. The males with decapitated females were transferred to one of the vials with alcohol. The males with regular females were transferred to the other vial with alcohol. The number of flies present on alcohol and normal side of the medium was recorded in both vials for 20 minutes in 1 minute increments. Three trials were conducted. The mean numbers of fruit flies present on the two sides of both vials were calculated. The mean was calculated by the summation of the number of fruit flies in each sides of the vials and divided by 120. The null hypothesis was tested by conducting a two-tailed t-test. Results For all the number of fruit flies observed in the two vials (n=120) there was a significant difference in the number of fruit flies in the two vials in the (t=4. 87, df=118, p0. 0001). The difference in the mean number of flies present of the alcohol side of both vials containing decapitated and normal females was significant. The number of flies present on the alcohol side of the vial containing decapitated females was about less than 50% higher than the vial with regular females significantly (Figure 1. ) Discussion The null hypothesis is rejected. The t-test results show that there is a significant difference in the mean number of fruit flies in the two vials (p0. 0001). Thus, there is a significant relationship between sexual frustration and alcohol consumption. The null hypothesis states that sexual frustration has no effect on alcohol consumption in male flies. Since there is an effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption in male flies, the null hypothesis of no effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption is rejected. The results from Azanchi et. al. (2012) show a significant difference (p0. 01) in alcohol consumption in males with decapitated females and regular females. Thus, there is an effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption. Since there is an effect of sexual frustration, therefore this rejects our null hypothesis of no effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption. A difference between the number of sexually frustrated males on alcohol environment more than non-sexually frustrated males was observed and the difference was statistically significant. The results from Azanchi et al. (2012) also reject the null hypothesis. The experiment was conducted for a longer period of time where measurement of amount of alcohol consumed was measured instead of number of flies. These may have accounted for an experimental design that could lead to better results since sexually frustrated fruit flies were observed to exhibit higher preference for alcohol. Literature Cited Atkinson, N. S. , S. Khurana, A. Kuperman, B. Robinson. 2012. Neural Adaptation Leads to Cognitive Dependence. Current Biol. 22, 2338-2341. Azanchi, R. U. Heberlein, H. Mohammed, G. Shohat-Phir. 2012. Sexual Deprivation Increases Ethanol Intake in Drosophila. Science. 335, 1351-1355 Devineni, A. V. , Heberlein, U. 2009. Preferential Ethanol Consumption in  Drosophila  Models Features of Addiction. Curr. Biol. 2126-2132. Shen, P. , Q. Wu, J. Xu, Y. Zhang. 2005. Regulation of hunger-driven behaviors by neural ribosomal S6 kinase in  Drosophila. PNAS. 102, 13289-13294. Wilcox, C. 2012. Sexually deprived Drosophila become bar flies. Scientific American. How to cite Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster, Papers

Migraines Essays - Migraine, G Protein Coupled Receptors

Migraines Migraine headaches are the result of a disturbance in the neurochemistry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occurs, it means that something has altered several of the neurotransmitter-sensitive receptors located on the outside surface of the nerve cells (neurons) so that the nervous system is no longer able to constantly maintain the natural balance that the nervous system is intended to maintain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that nerve cells (neurons) use to communicate messages to each other. Receptors are special areas that receive these chemical messages. The key neurotransmitter in migraine is called serotonin (often referred to in the scientific literature as 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan). If something interferes with the normal functioning (production, release, receptor docking, and/or re-uptake) of serotonin, that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system and can lead to various symptoms associated with migraine. The severe pain associated with migraine occurs when the mechanism that normally inhibits and/or mediates pain is disabled. There is no actual tissue damage occuring during a migraine attack. Instead, the pain results from a deranged neurochemistry. Migraine pain is like a loud fire alarm bell ringing when there is no fire. Scientists suspect that a caffeine withdrawal could be the possible cause of common migraines. Why? Well, caffeine is a powerful psychoactive drug that is addictive. Caffeine withdrawals produce all the same symptoms as migraine. Chronic caffeine use causes a number of changes to the central nervous system. Caffeine use increases the number of some types of serotonin receptors and some types of adenosine receptors as well. Adenosine is another neurotransmitter; adenosine strongly inhibits serotonin release. Chronic caffeine use increases the number of adenosine receptors.(The body is trying to compensate for the constant presence of caffeine, which occupies and blockades adenosine receptors and thus interferes with adenosine reception.) When caffeine is withdrawn, however, the chronic caffeine user is left with too many adenosine receptors. Having too many adenosine receptors is equivalent to having too much adenosine. As a result, serotonin release is inhibited and this leads to migraine symptoms. As you know there are many drugs used against migraine. Many of these drugs contain caffeine, for good reason: caffeine relieves migraine by reversing caffeine withdrawal. Migraine drugs that contain caffeine include Fiorinal (40mg caffeine), Fioricet (40mg caffeine), Excedrin (65mg caffeine), Anacin (32mg caffeine), Cafergot, Norgesic Forte (60mg caffeine), and others. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) is effective in relieving migraine attacks presumably because the sumatriptan molocule mimics (is very similar to) the serotonin molocule, and thus is called a serotonin agonist (helper). Sumatriptan, in other words, makes up for the shortfall of serotonin by occupying certain types of serotonin receptors. Sumatriptan is called a selective serotonin agonist because it has a greater affinity for (sticks more to) certain types of serotonin receptors than others. Other drugs, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, are intended for the treatment of depression but they also seem to reduce frequency and/or severity of headaches including migraine (although they are not as effective as sumatriptan against oncoming migraine attacks). These drugs are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which means they interfere in the reuptake of serotonin back into the interior of the nerve cells (neurons). To understand what reuptake means you need to understand that neurotransmitters, once released, must be quickly grabbed and transported back into the interior of nerve cells for reuse. That must happen to "clears the boards" for the next message. If something (like Paxil) interferes with re-uptake of serotonin, that makes more serotonin available to dock with serotonin receptors. That explains why these anti-depressant drugs help reduce migraine to a certain extent. If caffeine withdrawal causes migraines then there is a way to end your migraines without surgery. You would have to either quit caffeine entirely or else maintain consistent daily caffeine intake. To do either you would need to be aware of